Office Hours 4: Modal with Charles Frye

notes
llms
This Q&A session covers a wide array of topics related to Modal, a platform designed to simplify the execution of Python code in the cloud.
Author

Christian Mills

Published

July 6, 2024

This post is part of the following series:
  • Mastering LLMs Course Notes: My notes from the course Mastering LLMs: A Conference For Developers & Data Scientists by Hamel Husain and Dan Becker.

Understanding Modal

  • ELI5: Modal allows users to run their Python code in the cloud effortlessly.
  • In-depth: Modal is a remote procedure call (RPC) framework designed for Python, particularly excelling in data-intensive workloads like those involving large models or datasets.
  • Advantages over Traditional Cloud Functions (AWS Lambda, Google Cloud Functions):
    • Focus: Handles compute-heavy and data-intensive tasks more effectively.
    • Simplicity: Removes the need for server management.
    • Scalability: Scales resources dynamically based on demand.
  • Key Features:
    • Seamless local development with automatic code deployment to the cloud.
    • Simplified parallel processing and scaling.
    • Integration with popular frameworks like FastAPI.
  • Founders’ Vision: Address common infrastructure challenges faced by data scientists and ML practitioners, emphasizing rapid development cycles and feedback loops.

Startup Times and Optimization

  • Concern: Modal’s startup time compared to traditional server-based solutions.
  • Modal’s Performance:
    • Container startup (Docker run): 1-2 seconds (50th percentile startup time).
    • Slowdown occurs when environment setup requires loading large elements into memory (e.g., language model weights).
  • Solutions for Faster Startup:
    • Keep Warm: Leave applications running for minimal latency, especially crucial for GPU-bound tasks. (Trade-off: potentially higher cost for idle resources).
    • CUDA Checkpointing: New feature under integration, expected to accelerate subsequent invocations.
    • CPU Tasks: Easily sliced and diced, making them cost-effective in keep-warm mode due to minimal resource consumption during idle periods.
    • Optimization Potential: The LLM fine-tuning repo hasn’t been fully optimized for boot times; improvements are possible.

Local Development and Modal Integration

  • Challenge: Integrating a complex FastAPI application with local databases and debugging tools, then deploying it seamlessly to Modal.
  • Thin Client Approach:
    • Modal examples typically employ a thin client architecture for simplicity in dependency management.
    • Local development within the thin client can be limited due to the absence of specific dependencies.
  • Solutions:
    • Modal’s Remote Development Tools: Shell access, VS Code integration, and JupyterLab instances within Modal’s environment.
    • Thick Client Architecture:
      • Build a local environment mirroring the Modal environment.
      • Utilize tools like Dockerfiles, requirements.txt, poetry, or conda for consistent dependency management.
    • Resource: Explore the awesome-modal repository on GitHub for production-ready examples, some utilizing a thicker client approach.

Iterative Development Workflow

  • Challenge: Fine-tuning models locally on a small scale with debugging and then scaling up on Modal with a full dataset and larger models.
  • Recommendations:
    • modal.Image Class:
      • Base class for container images to run functions in.
      • Utilize for environment definition, ensuring consistency between local and remote setups.
      • Guide: Custom containers
    • Dependency Management: Leverage tools like pip freeze and poetry for tighter control over environments.
    • Hardware Considerations: Be mindful of potential discrepancies between local and Modal GPUs.

Cost Comparison and Value Proposition

  • Concern: Fine-tuning on Modal appears more expensive than platforms like Jarvis Labs.
  • Modal’s Pricing:
    • Transparent, based on underlying cloud provider costs.
    • No hidden fees or inflated pricing strategies.
  • When Modal Wins:
    • High Operational Overhead: Modal excels when the effort of managing servers (spinning up, down, utilization tracking) outweighs the raw compute cost.
    • Unpredictable Workloads: Serverless nature shines when demand fluctuates, and predicting utilization is challenging.
    • Scalability Needs: Modal simplifies scaling to thousands of GPUs, surpassing the limitations of individual users or smaller organizations.
    • GPU Accessibility: Modal offers readily available GPUs, circumventing the challenges of procurement and allocation.
    • Developer Experience: Streamlined workflow and reduced operational burden can justify a potential price premium for some users.

Understanding Modal’s Cost Structure

  • Question: How can a keep-warm FastAPI app on Modal cost only 30 cents per month when CPU core pricing suggests a much higher cost?
  • Explanation:
    • Time-Slicing: CPUs are shared efficiently, and Modal only charges for actual usage, not idle time.
    • Low Utilization: Web apps typically have low average CPU utilization, further reducing costs.
    • RAM-Based Pricing: During idle periods, charges are primarily determined by RAM usage, which is often minimal for lightweight apps.

Streaming Output from LLMs

Code Portability and Modal Dependency

  • Concern: Modal’s decorators might hinder code portability to other environments.
  • Response:
    • While Modal promotes a specific architecture for performance and cost optimization, code can be written to minimize tight coupling.
    • Decorators can be removed or bypassed if needed to port code to different environments.
    • Achieving portability often involves trade-offs in performance and cost-effectiveness.

Data Privacy

  • Question: Modal’s policy on data privacy and potential use of user data for model training.
  • Answer:
    • Commitment to Security: Modal is SOC 2 compliant and working towards SOC 2 Type 2 certification, demonstrating a high standard of data security.
    • User Data Protection: Modal treats user application data as confidential. Permission is sought before reviewing data, even for support purposes.
    • No User Data Training: Modal, as an infrastructure company, doesn’t use customer data for training internal models.

Running Databases on Modal

  • Question: Feasibility of running a key-value store (e.g., LevelDB) on Modal for a development web endpoint.
  • Recommendations:
    • Modal’s Built-in Solutions:
      • modal.Dict: Offers a persistent, distributed key-value store accessible to all Modal functions.
      • modal.Queue: Provides a distributed queue system similar to Redis.
    • Alternative Approach for Analytic Databases:

Balancing Cost and Uptime for GPU Inference

  • Question: Finding the sweet spot between cost and uptime for GPU inference when needing varying levels of availability.
  • Rule of Thumb:
    • Modal tends to be more cost-effective when utilization is 60% or lower.
    • Consider factors like acceptable latency and workload characteristics (batch jobs vs. real-time requests).

Local vs. Cloud Workload Distribution

  • Question: Deciding when to utilize a local GPU (e.g., RTX 4090) versus offloading to Modal, considering cost and time efficiency.
  • Workload Breakdown:
    • Inference: Local GPUs are well-suited due to typically small batch sizes, making VRAM less of a constraint.
    • Evaluations: Larger eval sets might benefit from cloud GPUs for faster throughput, especially when running multiple evaluations concurrently.
    • Fine-tuning: Often memory-intensive due to gradients and optimizer states. Cloud GPUs provide ample VRAM and simplify the use of techniques like sharding or larger batch sizes.
  • Don’t undervalue your time: Spending a little more on faster cloud compute can save a significant amount of time versus trying to run everything locally on a single GPU.

Quick Q&A

About Me:
  • I’m Christian Mills, a deep learning consultant specializing in computer vision and practical AI implementations.
  • I help clients leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to solve real-world problems.
  • Learn more about me or reach out via email at [email protected] to discuss your project.