Notes on fastai Book Ch. 15

Chapter 15 provides a deep dive into different application architectures in the fast.ai library.

This post is part of the following series:

• Deep Learning for Coders with fastai & PyTorch

• Application Architectures Deep Dive
• Computer Vision
• Natural Language Processing
• Tabular
• Conclusion
• References

---

#hide
# !pip install -Uqq fastbook
import fastbook
fastbook.setup_book()

#hide
from fastbook import *

import inspect
def print_source(obj):
    for line in inspect.getsource(obj).split("\n"):
        print(line)

Application Architectures Deep Dive

Computer Vision

cnn_learner

Transfer Learning

• the head (the final layers) of the pretrained model needs to be cut off and replaced
• fastai stores where to cut the included pretrained models in the model_meta dictionary

Head

• the part that is specialized for a particular task
• generally the part after the adaptive average pooling layer

Body

• everything other than the head
• includes the stem

---

pd.DataFrame(model_meta)

	<function xresnet18 at 0x7f8668ee5310>	<function xresnet34 at 0x7f8668ee53a0>	<function xresnet50 at 0x7f8668ee5430>	<function xresnet101 at 0x7f8668ee54c0>	<function xresnet152 at 0x7f8668ee5550>	<function resnet18 at 0x7f866b0d0670>	<function resnet34 at 0x7f866b0d0700>	<function resnet50 at 0x7f866b0d0790>	<function resnet101 at 0x7f866b0d0820>	<function resnet152 at 0x7f866b0d08b0>	<function squeezenet1_0 at 0x7f866b0d7790>	<function squeezenet1_1 at 0x7f866b0d7820>	<function densenet121 at 0x7f866a7b78b0>	<function densenet169 at 0x7f866a7b79d0>	<function densenet201 at 0x7f866a7b7a60>	<function densenet161 at 0x7f866a7b7940>	<function vgg11_bn at 0x7f866b0d7040>	<function vgg13_bn at 0x7f866b0d7160>	<function vgg16_bn at 0x7f866b0d7280>	<function vgg19_bn at 0x7f866b0d73a0>	<function alexnet at 0x7f866b0c2d30>
cut	-4	-4	-4	-4	-4	-2	-2	-2	-2	-2	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	-2	-2	-2	-2	-2
split	<function _xresnet_split at 0x7f8662906ee0>	<function _xresnet_split at 0x7f8662906ee0>	<function _xresnet_split at 0x7f8662906ee0>	<function _xresnet_split at 0x7f8662906ee0>	<function _xresnet_split at 0x7f8662906ee0>	<function _resnet_split at 0x7f8662906f70>	<function _resnet_split at 0x7f8662906f70>	<function _resnet_split at 0x7f8662906f70>	<function _resnet_split at 0x7f8662906f70>	<function _resnet_split at 0x7f8662906f70>	<function _squeezenet_split at 0x7f866290e040>	<function _squeezenet_split at 0x7f866290e040>	<function _densenet_split at 0x7f866290e0d0>	<function _densenet_split at 0x7f866290e0d0>	<function _densenet_split at 0x7f866290e0d0>	<function _densenet_split at 0x7f866290e0d0>	<function _vgg_split at 0x7f866290e160>	<function _vgg_split at 0x7f866290e160>	<function _vgg_split at 0x7f866290e160>	<function _vgg_split at 0x7f866290e160>	<function _alexnet_split at 0x7f866290e1f0>
stats	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])	([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])

---

model_meta[resnet50]

{'cut': -2,
 'split': <function fastai.vision.learner._resnet_split(m)>,
 'stats': ([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])}

---

print_source(model_meta[resnet50]['split'])

def  _resnet_split(m): return L(m[0][:6], m[0][6:], m[1:]).map(params)

---

create_head(20,2)

Sequential(
  (0): AdaptiveConcatPool2d(
    (ap): AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=1)
    (mp): AdaptiveMaxPool2d(output_size=1)
  )
  (1): Flatten(full=False)
  (2): BatchNorm1d(40, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (3): Dropout(p=0.25, inplace=False)
  (4): Linear(in_features=40, out_features=512, bias=False)
  (5): ReLU(inplace=True)
  (6): BatchNorm1d(512, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (7): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)
  (8): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=2, bias=False)
)

Note: fastai add two linear layers by default for transfer learning * using just one linear layer is unlikely to be enough when transferring a pretrained model to very different domains

---

create_head

<function fastai.vision.learner.create_head(nf, n_out, lin_ftrs=None, ps=0.5, concat_pool=True, first_bn=True, bn_final=False, lin_first=False, y_range=None)>

---

print_source(create_head)

def create_head(nf, n_out, lin_ftrs=None, ps=0.5, concat_pool=True, first_bn=True, bn_final=False,
                lin_first=False, y_range=None):
    "Model head that takes `nf` features, runs through `lin_ftrs`, and out `n_out` classes."
    if concat_pool: nf *= 2
    lin_ftrs = [nf, 512, n_out] if lin_ftrs is None else [nf] + lin_ftrs + [n_out]
    bns = [first_bn] + [True]*len(lin_ftrs[1:])
    ps = L(ps)
    if len(ps) == 1: ps = [ps[0]/2] * (len(lin_ftrs)-2) + ps
    actns = [nn.ReLU(inplace=True)] * (len(lin_ftrs)-2) + [None]
    pool = AdaptiveConcatPool2d() if concat_pool else nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(1)
    layers = [pool, Flatten()]
    if lin_first: layers.append(nn.Dropout(ps.pop(0)))
    for ni,no,bn,p,actn in zip(lin_ftrs[:-1], lin_ftrs[1:], bns, ps, actns):
        layers += LinBnDrop(ni, no, bn=bn, p=p, act=actn, lin_first=lin_first)
    if lin_first: layers.append(nn.Linear(lin_ftrs[-2], n_out))
    if bn_final: layers.append(nn.BatchNorm1d(lin_ftrs[-1], momentum=0.01))
    if y_range is not None: layers.append(SigmoidRange(*y_range))
    return nn.Sequential(*layers)

One Last Batchnorm

• bn_final: setting this to True will cause a batchnorm layher to be added as the final layer
• can be useful in helping your model scale appropriately for your output activations

---

AdaptiveConcatPool2d

fastai.layers.AdaptiveConcatPool2d

---

print_source(AdaptiveConcatPool2d)

class AdaptiveConcatPool2d(Module):
    "Layer that concats `AdaptiveAvgPool2d` and `AdaptiveMaxPool2d`"
    def __init__(self, size=None):
        self.size = size or 1
        self.ap = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(self.size)
        self.mp = nn.AdaptiveMaxPool2d(self.size)
    def forward(self, x): return torch.cat([self.mp(x), self.ap(x)], 1)

unet_learner

• used for generative vision models
• use a custom head which progressively increases the dimensions back to the same as the source image
  • can use nearest neighbor interpolation
  • can use a transposed convolution
    • zero padding is inserted between all the pixels in the input before performing a convolution
    • also known as a stride half convolution
    • fastai ConvLayer(transpose=True)
• unets use skip connections pass information from the encoding layers in the body to the decoding layers in the head
• U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation

Tasks

• segmentation
• super resolution
• colorization
• style transfer

A Siamese Network

#hide
from fastai.vision.all import *

---

path = untar_data(URLs.PETS)
path

Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet')

---

files = get_image_files(path/"images")
files

(#7390) [Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/Birman_121.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/shiba_inu_131.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/Bombay_176.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/Bengal_199.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/beagle_41.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/beagle_27.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/great_pyrenees_181.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/Bengal_100.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/keeshond_124.jpg'),Path('/home/innom-dt/.fastai/data/oxford-iiit-pet/images/havanese_115.jpg')...]

---

# Custom type to allow us to show siamese image pairs
# Tracks whether the two images belong to the same class
class SiameseImage(fastuple):
    def show(self, ctx=None, **kwargs): 
        img1,img2,same_breed = self
        if not isinstance(img1, Tensor):
            if img2.size != img1.size: img2 = img2.resize(img1.size)
            t1,t2 = tensor(img1),tensor(img2)
            t1,t2 = t1.permute(2,0,1),t2.permute(2,0,1)
        else: t1,t2 = img1,img2
        line = t1.new_zeros(t1.shape[0], t1.shape[1], 10)
        return show_image(torch.cat([t1,line,t2], dim=2), 
                          title=same_breed, ctx=ctx)

---

def label_func(fname):
    return re.match(r'^(.*)_\d+.jpg$', fname.name).groups()[0]

---

class SiameseTransform(Transform):
    def __init__(self, files, label_func, splits):
        # Generate list of unique labels
        self.labels = files.map(label_func).unique()
        # Create a dictionary to match labels to filenames
        self.lbl2files = {l: L(f for f in files if label_func(f) == l) 
                          for l in self.labels}
        self.label_func = label_func
        self.valid = {f: self._draw(f) for f in files[splits[1]]}
        
    def encodes(self, f):
        f2,t = self.valid.get(f, self._draw(f))
        img1,img2 = PILImage.create(f),PILImage.create(f2)
        # Create siamese image pair
        return SiameseImage(img1, img2, t)
    
    def _draw(self, f):
        # 50/50 chance of generating a pair of the same class
        same = random.random() < 0.5
        cls = self.label_func(f)
        if not same: 
            cls = random.choice(L(l for l in self.labels if l != cls)) 
        return random.choice(self.lbl2files[cls]),same

---

splits = RandomSplitter()(files)
tfm = SiameseTransform(files, label_func, splits)
tls = TfmdLists(files, tfm, splits=splits)
dls = tls.dataloaders(after_item=[Resize(224), ToTensor], 
    after_batch=[IntToFloatTensor, Normalize.from_stats(*imagenet_stats)])

---

class SiameseModel(Module):
    def __init__(self, encoder, head):
        self.encoder,self.head = encoder,head
    
    def forward(self, x1, x2):
        ftrs = torch.cat([self.encoder(x1), self.encoder(x2)], dim=1)
        return self.head(ftrs)

---

encoder = create_body(resnet34, cut=-2)

---

create_body

<function fastai.vision.learner.create_body(arch, n_in=3, pretrained=True, cut=None)>

---

print_source(create_body)

def create_body(arch, n_in=3, pretrained=True, cut=None):
    "Cut off the body of a typically pretrained `arch` as determined by `cut`"
    model = arch(pretrained=pretrained)
    _update_first_layer(model, n_in, pretrained)
    #cut = ifnone(cut, cnn_config(arch)['cut'])
    if cut is None:
        ll = list(enumerate(model.children()))
        cut = next(i for i,o in reversed(ll) if has_pool_type(o))
    if   isinstance(cut, int): return nn.Sequential(*list(model.children())[:cut])
    elif callable(cut): return cut(model)
    else: raise NameError("cut must be either integer or a function")

---

head = create_head(512*2, 2, ps=0.5)
head

Sequential(
  (0): AdaptiveConcatPool2d(
    (ap): AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=1)
    (mp): AdaptiveMaxPool2d(output_size=1)
  )
  (1): Flatten(full=False)
  (2): BatchNorm1d(2048, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (3): Dropout(p=0.25, inplace=False)
  (4): Linear(in_features=2048, out_features=512, bias=False)
  (5): ReLU(inplace=True)
  (6): BatchNorm1d(512, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
  (7): Dropout(p=0.5, inplace=False)
  (8): Linear(in_features=512, out_features=2, bias=False)
)

---

model = SiameseModel(encoder, head)

---

def loss_func(out, targ):
    return nn.CrossEntropyLoss()(out, targ.long())

---

# Tell fastai how to split the model into parameter groups
def siamese_splitter(model):
    return [params(model.encoder), params(model.head)]

---

learn = Learner(dls, model, loss_func=loss_func, 
                splitter=siamese_splitter, metrics=accuracy)
learn.freeze()

---

Learner.freeze

<function fastai.learner.Learner.freeze(self: fastai.learner.Learner)>

---

print_source(Learner.freeze)

@patch
def freeze(self:Learner): self.freeze_to(-1)

---

print_source(Learner.freeze_to)

@patch
def freeze_to(self:Learner, n):
    if self.opt is None: self.create_opt()
    self.opt.freeze_to(n)
    self.opt.clear_state()

---

learn.fit_one_cycle(4, 3e-3)

epoch	train_loss	valid_loss	accuracy	time
0	0.530529	0.281408	0.887686	00:29
1	0.377506	0.224826	0.912043	00:29
2	0.276916	0.195273	0.928958	00:29
3	0.242797	0.170715	0.933018	00:29

---

learn.unfreeze()
learn.fit_one_cycle(4, slice(1e-6,1e-4))

epoch	train_loss	valid_loss	accuracy	time
0	0.249987	0.160208	0.939784	00:38
1	0.236774	0.157880	0.941137	00:38
2	0.222469	0.151024	0.945196	00:38
3	0.218679	0.160581	0.939107	00:38

Natural Language Processing

• We can convert an AWD-LSTM language model into a transfer learning classifier by selecting stack RNN for the encoder
• Universal Language Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification
  • divide the document into fixed-length batches of size b
  • the model is initialized at the beginning of each batch with the final state of the previous batch
  • keep track of the hidden states for mean and max-pooling
  • gradients are backpropogated to the batches whose hidden states contributed to the final prediction
    • use variable lenght backpropogation sequences
• the classifier contains a for-loop, which loops over each batch of a sequence
  • need to gather data in batches
  • each text needs to be treated separately as they have their own labels
  • it is likely the texts will not all be the same length
    • we won’t be able to put them all in the same array
    • need to use padding
      • when grabbing a bunch of texts, determine which one has the greatest length
      • fill the ones that are shorter with the special character xxpad.
      • make sure texts of similar sizes are put together to minimize excess padding
• the state is maintained across batches
• the activations of each batch are stored
• at the end, we use the same average and max concatenated pooling trick used for computer vision models

Tabular

from fastai.tabular.all import *

---

TabularModel

fastai.tabular.model.TabularModel

---

print_source(TabularModel)

class TabularModel(Module):
    "Basic model for tabular data."
    def __init__(self, emb_szs, n_cont, out_sz, layers, ps=None, embed_p=0.,
                 y_range=None, use_bn=True, bn_final=False, bn_cont=True, act_cls=nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
                 lin_first=True):
        ps = ifnone(ps, [0]*len(layers))
        if not is_listy(ps): ps = [ps]*len(layers)
        self.embeds = nn.ModuleList([Embedding(ni, nf) for ni,nf in emb_szs])
        self.emb_drop = nn.Dropout(embed_p)
        self.bn_cont = nn.BatchNorm1d(n_cont) if bn_cont else None
        n_emb = sum(e.embedding_dim for e in self.embeds)
        self.n_emb,self.n_cont = n_emb,n_cont
        sizes = [n_emb + n_cont] + layers + [out_sz]
        actns = [act_cls for _ in range(len(sizes)-2)] + [None]
        _layers = [LinBnDrop(sizes[i], sizes[i+1], bn=use_bn and (i!=len(actns)-1 or bn_final), p=p, act=a, lin_first=lin_first)
                       for i,(p,a) in enumerate(zip(ps+[0.],actns))]
        if y_range is not None: _layers.append(SigmoidRange(*y_range))
        self.layers = nn.Sequential(*_layers)

    def forward(self, x_cat, x_cont=None):
        if self.n_emb != 0:
            x = [e(x_cat[:,i]) for i,e in enumerate(self.embeds)]
            x = torch.cat(x, 1)
            x = self.emb_drop(x)
        if self.n_cont != 0:
            if self.bn_cont is not None: x_cont = self.bn_cont(x_cont)
            x = torch.cat([x, x_cont], 1) if self.n_emb != 0 else x_cont
        return self.layers(x)

---

def forward(self, x_cat, x_cont=None):
    # Check if there are any embeddings to deal with
    if self.n_emb != 0:
        # Get the activations of each embedding matrix
        x = [e(x_cat[:,i]) for i,e in enumerate(self.embeds)]
        # Concatenate embeddings to a single tensor
        x = torch.cat(x, 1)
        # Apply dropout
        x = self.emb_drop(x)
    # Check if there are any continuous variables to deal with 
    if self.n_cont != 0:
        # Pass continuous variables through batch normalization layer
        if self.bn_cont is not None: x_cont = self.bn_cont(x_cont)
        # Concatenate continuous variables with embedding activations
        x = torch.cat([x, x_cont], 1) if self.n_emb != 0 else x_cont
    # Pass concatenated input through linear layers
    return self.layers(x)

Conclusion

• deep learning can be challenging because your data, memory, and time are typically limited
• train a smaller model when memory is limited
• if you are not able to overfit your model to your data, you are not taking advantage of the capacity of your model
• You should first get to a point where you can overfit
• Steps to reduce overfitting in order of priority
  1. More data
  • add more labels to data you already have
  • find additional tasks your model could be asked to solve
  • create additional synthetic data by using more or different augmentation techniques
  2. Data augmentation
     • Mixup
  3. Generalizable architecture
     • Add batch normalization
  4. Regularization
     • Adding dropout to the last layer or two is often sufficient
     • Adding dropout of different types throughout your model can help even more
  5. Reduce architecture complexity
     • Should be the last thing you try

References

• Deep Learning for Coders with fastai & PyTorch
• The fastai book GitHub Repository

Previous: Notes on fastai Book Ch. 14

Next: Notes on fastai Book Ch. 16

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